The Secret to Blowing Massive Soap Bubbles

Everybody loves bubbles, regardless of age—the bigger the better. But to blow really big, world-record-scale bubbles requires a very precise bubble mixture. Physicists have determined that a key ingredient is mixing in polymers of varying strand lengths, according to a new paper in Physical Review Fluids. That produces a soap film able to stretch sufficiently thin to make a giant bubble without breaking.

Bubbles may seem frivolous, but there is some complex underlying physics, and hence their study has long been serious science. In the 1800s, Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau outlined four basic laws of surface tension that determine the structure of soapy films. Surface tension is why bubbles are round; that shape has the least surface area for a given volume, so it requires the least energy to maintain. Over time, that shape will start to look more like a soccer ball than a perfect sphere, as gravity pulls the liquid downward (called “coarsening”).

Bubbles and foams remain an active area of research. For instance, in 2016, French physicists worked out a theoretical model for the exact mechanism for how soap bubbles form when jets of air hit a soapy film. They found that bubbles formed only above a certain speed of air, which in turn depends on the width of the jet of air. If the jet is wide, there will be a lower threshold for forming bubbles, and those bubbles will be larger than ones produced by narrower jets, which have higher speed thresholds. That’s what’s happening, physics-wise, when we blow bubbles through a ring at then end of a little plastic wand: the jet forms at our lips and is wider than the soapy film suspended within the ring.

In 2018, we reported on how mathematicians at New York University’s Applied Math Lab had fine-tuned the method for blowing the perfect bubble even further based on similar experiments with soapy, thin films. They concluded that it’s best to use a circular wand with a 1.5-inch perimeter and to gently blow at a consistent 6.9 cm/s. Blow at higher speeds and the bubble will burst. Use a smaller or larger wand, and the same thing will happen.

But what about blowing gigantic bubbles or long, thin soap films that can span two stories? Justin Burton, coauthor of the latest paper and a physicist at Emory University specializing in fluid dynamics, first got intrigued by the topic at a conference in Barcelona. He saw street performers producing giant bubbles about the diameter of a hula hoop and as long as a car.

He was especially intrigued by the shifting rainbow of colors on the bubbles’ surface. This effect is due to interference patterns created when light reflects off the two surfaces of the film. For Burton, this was also an indication that the thickness of the soap was just a few microns, roughly equivalent to the wavelength of light. He was surprised that a soap film could remain intact when stretched so thin into a giant bubble and started doing his own experiments, both in the lab and his own backyard.

While perusing the open access Soap Bubble Wiki, he noticed that most of the favored recipes for bubble solution included a polymer—usually natural guar (a common thickening food additive) or a medical lubricant (polyethylene glycol).

Using those recipes as a guide, “We basically started making bubbles and popping them, and recorded the speed and dynamics of that process,” said Burton. “Focusing on a fluid at its most violent moments can tell you a lot about its underlying physics.”

The ultimate goal was to determine the perfect proportions for a bubble mixture to produce gigantic bubbles: something with a bit of stretch, but not too much, where the fluid flows a little, but not too much—in other words, the Goldilocks of bubble mixtures.

As Lissie Connors writes at Physics Buzz: